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Review Cureus
. 2022 Nov 1;14(11):e30982. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30982. eCollection 2022 Nov.
Classic and Current Opinions in Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation
Angus N Oli 1, Adekunle Babajide Rowaiye 2, Samson Adedeji Adejumo 3, Francis Ifeanyi Anazodo 4, Rahnuma Ahmad 5, Susmita Sinha 6, Mainul Haque 7, Nihad Adnan 8
Affiliations expand
PMID: 36337306 PMCID: PMC9624478 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30982
Free PMC article
Abstract
Graft tolerance is a pathophysiological condition heavily reliant on the dynamic interaction of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Genetic polymorphism determines immune responses to tissue/organ transplantation, and intricate humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms control these responses. In transplantation, the clinician's goal is to achieve a delicate equilibrium between the allogeneic immune response, undesired effects of the immunosuppressive drugs, and the existing morbidities that are potentially life-threatening. Transplant immunopathology involves sensitization, effector, and apoptosis phases which recruit and engages immunological cells like natural killer cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Similarly, these cells are involved in the transfer of normal or genetically engineered T cells. Advances in tissue transplantation would involve a profound knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the respective immunopathology involved and the design of precision medicines that are safe and effective.

Keywords: allo-transplant; brief history; graft tolerance; grafting; kidney transplantation; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering; tissue transplantation; types of transplantation; xeno-transplant.